Applications

= Industrial Applications of Robotics =

You will see robots like these welding, painting and handling materials. || The robot's joint structure allows it to be compliant (or soft) to forces in the horizontal plane. This is important for "peg in hole" type applications where the robot will actually flex to make up for inaccuracies and allow very tight part fits. ||  ||   ||
 * Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of +/-0.006 inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24 hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications (particularly those in the auto industry) they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years. ||
 * || This is pretty much the typical machine people think of when they think of industrial robots. Fanuc Robotics America, Inc. makes this particular robot. Fanuc is the largest maker of these type of robots in the world and they are almost always yellow. This robot has six independent joints, also called six degrees of freedom. The reason for this is that arbitrarily placing a solid body in space requires six parameters; three to specify the location (x, y, z for example) and three to specify the orientation (roll, yaw, pitch for example).
 * || This is pretty much the typical machine people think of when they think of industrial robots. Fanuc Robotics America, Inc. makes this particular robot. Fanuc is the largest maker of these type of robots in the world and they are almost always yellow. This robot has six independent joints, also called six degrees of freedom. The reason for this is that arbitrarily placing a solid body in space requires six parameters; three to specify the location (x, y, z for example) and three to specify the orientation (roll, yaw, pitch for example).
 * **Six axis robot made by Fanuc Robotics** ||  ||
 * || The robot shown at right is made by an American company, Adept Technology. Adept is America's largest robot company and the world's leading producer of SCARA robots. This is actually the most common industrial robot. SCARA stands for Selective Compliance Articulated (though some folks use Assembly here) Robot Arm. The robot has three joints in the horizontal plane that give it x-y positioning and orientation parallel to the plane. There is one linear joint that supplies the z positioning. This is the typical "pick and place" robot. When combined with a vision system it can move product from conveyor belt to package at a very high rate of speed (think "Lucy and the candies" but way faster).
 * || The machine at left can be called a Cartesian robot, though calling this machine a robot is really stretching the definition of a robot. It is Cartesian because it allows x-y-z positioning. Three linear joints provide the three axes of motion and define the x, y and z planes. This robot is suited for pick and place applications where either there are no orientation requirements or the parts can be pre-oriented before the robot picks them up (such as surface mounted circuit board assembly).. ||
 * || The machine at left can be called a Cartesian robot, though calling this machine a robot is really stretching the definition of a robot. It is Cartesian because it allows x-y-z positioning. Three linear joints provide the three axes of motion and define the x, y and z planes. This robot is suited for pick and place applications where either there are no orientation requirements or the parts can be pre-oriented before the robot picks them up (such as surface mounted circuit board assembly).. ||

__**Medical Applications of Robotics**__ =...= =__**Personal Applications of Robotics**__= =__**Exploratory Applications of Robotics**__=

__In Space __ The first successful Mars rover was //Sojourner//. It was launched by NASA on December 4, 1996, and landed July 4, 1997. It was the first to use a new radical landing technique whereby the impact of the spacecraft was mitigated by its placement inside a multi-cell balloon that bounced and rolled across the Martian surface, killing its momentum.



The two Mars rovers, named Spirit and Opportunity, landed on the red planet in January 2004 and are still operational, twelve times longer than their originally-planned mission of 90 Martian days. Together they've sent more than 160,000 images back to Earth and have driven a combined 10.4 miles. The Spirit rover is now stuck in a veritable dusty red sandbox, while the Opportunity rover recently caught a lucky break and had some kind of Martian wind storm blow accumulated dust off its solar panels, giving it a new lease on mobile life. At the moment, Spirit has slipped into hibernation for the Martian winter. The plan is to use it as a stationary weather platform. Obviously, both these robots have far outperformed their initial missions. The mega-geeks at JPL are basically agog at their good luck. . Our technology has taken us where our physical bodies cannot, and maybe, that's how we should explore space." []




 * LEMUR IIa **

The assembly, inspection, and maintenance requirements of permanent installations in space demand robots that provide a high level of operational flexibility relative to mass and volume. Such demands point to robots that are dexterous, have significant processing and sensing capabilities, and can be easily reconfigured -- both physically and algorithmically. The LEMURs (Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robots) are designed to address these challenges.

__In the Ocean Depths __

Underwater technology has come a long way since May of 1964. That’s when the Alvin took its first free dive—all the way to 10.7 meters (35 feet) below the surface. Today, scientists have access to a wide range of technologies that routinely carry them down to 4,500 meters (14,764 feet) and enable them to study the deepest parts of the ocean. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.35; margin: 1em 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Human occupied vehicles (HOVs), like the Alvin, transport up to three people directly to the seafloor. HOVs are built to withstand the extreme pressures of the deep ocean and are equipped with robotic arms that scoop up marine creatures as well as seafloor sediments. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.35; margin: 1em 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are robots tethered to the ship. Scientists on the ship manipulate an ROV through a long cable that connects the robot to the ship. ROVs can reach great depths and stay there for extended periods. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.35; margin: 1em 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are robots pre-programmed to collect data from particular parts of the deep ocean. While they’re off collecting data, scientists conduct other research on board the ship. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.35; margin: 1em 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hybrid vehicles combine the best features of ROVs and AUVs. On May 31, 2009, one hybrid vehicle—the Nereus—reached the deepest part of the ocean, the Marianas Trench. It dived 10,902 meters (6.8 miles) below the surface—quite a bit deeper than the Alvin’s 1964 dive. We can only imagine what new underwater technologies will accomplish 50 years from now.

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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">It took a village of engineers to build a completely new type of unmanned deep-sea robot that can reach the deepest part of the ocean. On May 31, 2009, a team of engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) celebrated as the unique vehicle called//Nereus// dove to 10,902 meters (6.8 miles) in the western Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench.

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">“Every square inch of //Nereus// is designed to withstand about a thousand times the pressure that we are exposed to right here on Earth’s surface,” Bowen said. “Each square inch of //Nereus// is loaded with about 15,000 pounds; that's equivalent to having three SUVs stacked on your big toe. That’s a shocking amount of energy that is trying to squeeze//Nereus// and cause it to implode.”

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<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px;">is robotic vehicle reached the deepest part of the ocean. - Robert Elder, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionOn May 3